Normax Biomed Ltd (Normax) is based in Cork, Ireland, and London, England. Normax is in the business of mRNA vaccine Research, Development and Manufacturing. Normax has secured a €300,000,000 capital commitment from a $3.4Bn cornerstone institutional investor for development of mRNA Vaccines and Vax Factory Manufacturing for Transformative Social Impact on Infectious Disease and Pandemic Preparedness. Normax plans to drive down the cost of mRNA Vaccines to save more lives and to deliver sustainable returns for impact investors. Normax plans to deliver safe and effective mRNA vaccines at large scale for about $4 dollars per dose. Normax mRNA vaccine products in development include: (1) mRNA Vax Factory, (2) Universal Coronavirus mRNA Vaccine, (3) Tuberculosis mRNA Vaccine, (4) HIV mRNA Vaccine, (5) Malaria mRNA Vaccine, and (6) Disease-X mRNA Vaccine (e.g. within 100 days). Normax mission is to deliver competitive financial performance with transformative social impact. NOT AN OFFER TO INVEST.

NIH. PUBMED CENTRAL. Classification of Human Viruses

DOWNLOAD PDF FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES

TABLE 201.2

Families of Viruses That Infect Humans

Family Name	Derivation of Family Name	Genome	Segmentation	Capsid Morphology	Envelope
Adenoviridae	Gland	dsDNA	1	Icosahedral	Naked

Anelloviridae	Ring-shaped	ssDNA(−)^f	1	Icosahedral	Naked

Arenaviridae	Sand	ssRNA(−)^g, ^h	2	Helical	Enveloped

Astroviridae	Star	ssRNA(+)ⁱ	1	Icosahedral	Naked

Bornaviridae^a	Location in Germany	ssRNA(−)^g	1	Helical	Enveloped

Bunyaviridae	Location in Uganda	ssRNA(−)^g, ^h	3	Helical	Enveloped

Caliciviridae	Cup or chalice	ssRNA(+)ⁱ	1	Icosahedral	Naked

Coronaviridae^b	Crown	ssRNA(+)ⁱ	1	Helical	Enveloped

Filoviridae^a	Thread	ssRNA(−)^g	1	Helical	Enveloped

Flaviviridae	Yellow	ssRNA(+)ⁱ	1	Icosahedral	Enveloped

Hepadnaviridae	Liver, DNA	Partially ssDNA	1	Icosahedral	Enveloped

Hepeviridae	Hepatitis E	ssRNA(+)ⁱ	1	Icosahedral	Naked

Herpesviridae^c	Creeping	dsDNA	1	Icosahedral	Enveloped

Orthomyxoviridae	True, slime or mucus	ssRNA(−)^g	6–8	Helical	Enveloped

Papillomaviridae	Bumpy, tumor	dsDNA	1	Icosahedral	Naked

Paramyxoviridae^a	Alongside, slime or mucus	ssRNA(−)^g	1	Helical	Enveloped

Parvoviridae	Little	ssDNA	1	Icosahedral	Naked

Picobirnaviridae	“Little”; “two”, RNA	dsRNA	2	Icosahedral	Naked

Picobirna	Little, two, RNA	dsRNA	2	Icosahedral	Naked

Picornaviridae^d	Little, RNA	ssRNA(+)ⁱ	1	Icosahedral	Naked

Pneumoviridae	“Lung”	ssRNA(−)^g	1	Helical	Enveloped

Polyomaviridae	Many, tumor	dsDNA	1	Icosahedral	Naked

Poxviridae	Pustule	dsDNA	1	Complex	Varies

Reoviridae	Respiratory, enteric, orphan	dsRNA	10–12	Icosahedral	Naked

Retroviridae	Backward	ssRNA(+)ⁱ	1 but diploid	Complex	Enveloped

Rhabdoviridae^a	Rod	ssRNA(−)^g	1	Helical	Enveloped

Togaviridae	Cloak	ssRNA(+)ⁱ	1	Icosahedral	Enveloped

Delta^e	Fourth hepatitis group	ssRNA(−)^g	1	Icosahedral	Enveloped

Open in a separate window

ds, double stranded; ss, single stranded.

^aMononegavirales.

^bNidovirales.

^cHerpesvirales.

^dPicornavirales.

^eFloating genus, which is not currently assigned to a viral family. It bears some similarities to viroid pathogens of plants.

^fssDNA(+) indicates the mRNA-coding strand.

^gssRNA(−) indicates the complement of the message-sense strand.

^hSome segments are ambisense.

ⁱssRNA(+) indicates a message-sense strand.

Key References

5. Siegel R. Human Virology at Stanford: Humans and Viruses Virus Family List. http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/viruslist.html

15. Lipkin WI. The changing face of pathogen discovery and surveillance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11:133–141. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Ho T, Tzanetakis IE. Development of a virus detection and discovery pipeline using next generation sequencing. Virology. 2014;471-473:54–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Virus Taxonomy Assignments. http://ICTVonline.org/virusTaxInfo.asp

Go to:

References

1. Murphy FA. Virus taxonomy. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. Fields Virology. 5th ed. Lippincott-Raven Publishers; Philadelphia: 1996. p. 17. [Google Scholar]

2. Condit R. Principles of virology. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. Fields Virology. 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia: 2007. pp. 25–57. [Google Scholar]

3. Fenner F. The classification and nomenclature of viruses: summary of results of meetings of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses in Madrid, September 1975. J Gen Virol. 1976;31:463–470. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. Fields Virology. 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia: 2007. [Google Scholar]

5. Siegel R. Human Virology at Stanford: Humans and Viruses Virus Family List. http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/viruslist.html

6. Delwart EL. Viral metagenomics. Rev Med Virol. 2007;17:115–131. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Lipkin WI. Microbe hunting in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:6–7. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Bernardin F, Operskalski E, Busch M, Delwart E. Transfusion transmission of highly prevalent commensal human viruses. Transfusion. 2010;50:2474–2483. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Emerson SU, Anderson D, Arankalle A. Hepevirus. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, editors. Virus Taxonomy: VIIIth Report of the ICTV. Elsevier/Academic Press; London: 2004. pp. 851–855. [Google Scholar]

10. Fauquet CM, Mayo MA. The 7th ICTV report. Arch Virol. 2001;146:189–194. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Horzinek MV, Flewett TH, Saif LJ. A new family of vertebrate viruses: Toroviridae. Intervirology. 1987;27:17–24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Cavanagh D, Brian DA, Brinton MA. The Coronaviridae now comprises two genera, coronavirus and torovirus: report of the Coronaviridae Study Group. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1993;342:255–257. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Alphabetical Listing of Study Groups. http://www.ictvonline.org/studygroups.asp?se=5

14. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Home Page. http://www.ictvonline.org/index.asp

15. Lipkin WI. The changing face of pathogen discovery and surveillance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11:133–141. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Ho T, Tzanetakis IE. Development of a virus detection and discovery pipeline using next generation sequencing. Virology. 2014;471-473:54–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Faruque SM, Mekalanos JJ. Phage-bacterial interactions in the evolution of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae. Virulence. 2012;7:556–565. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature 2002. http://ictvonline.org/codeofvirusclassification_2002.asp?bhcp=1 August.

19. van Regenmortel MHV, Maniloff J, Calisher CH. The concept of virus species. Arch Virol. 1991;120:313–314. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. van Regenmortel MHV. Introduction to the species concept in virus taxonomy. In: van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, editors. Seventh ICTV Report. Academic Press; San Diego: 2000. pp. 3–16. [Google Scholar]

21. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Virus Taxonomy Assignments. http://ICTVonline.org/virusTaxInfo.asp

22. Brown BA, Maher K, Flemister MR. Resolving ambiguities in genetic typing of human enterovirus species C clinical isolates and identification of enterovirus 96, 99 and 102. J Gen Virol. 2009;90:1713–1723. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. NCBI Database Human Enterovirus C. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=138950&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock

24. Yip CCY, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Complete genome sequence of a coxsackievirus A22 strain in Hong Kong reveals a natural intratypic recombination event. J Virol. 2011;85:12098–12099. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Apparent global interruption of wild poliovirus type 2 transmission. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50:222–224. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Kew OM, Cochi SL, Jafari HS. Possible eradication of wild poliovirus type 3—worldwide, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63:1031–1033. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Carstens EB. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2009) Arch Virol. 2010;155:133–146. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Wong HR, Jiang G, Gangeswaran R. Modification of early gene enhancer-promoter improves the oncolytic potency of adenovirus 11. Mol Ther. 2011;20:306–316. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. ICTV Virus Taxonomy 2015. http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp Release.

30. Fatal illnesses associated with a New World Arenavirus—California, 1999–2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49:709–711. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Delgado S, Erickson BR, Agudo R. Chapare virus, a newly discovered arenavirus isolated from a fatal hemorrhagic fever case in Bolivia. PLoS Pathog. 2008;4:e1000047. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Lau SK, Lee P, Tsang AK. Molecular epidemiology of human coronavirus OC43 reveals evolution of different genotypes over time and recent emergence of a novel genotype due to natural recombination. J Virol. 2011;85:11325–11337. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Abdul-Rasool S, Fielding BC. Understanding human coronavirus HCoV-NL63. Open Virol J. 2010;4:76–84. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Esper F, Weibel C, Ferguson D. Coronavirus HKU1 infection in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:775–779. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Feng Y, Zhao W, Feng Y. A novel genotype of GB virus C: its identification and predominance among injecting drug users in Yunnan, China. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e21151. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Bussetti AV, Palacios G, Travassos da Rosa A. Genomic and antigenic characterization of Jos virus. J Gen Virol. 2012;93(Pt 2):293–298. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Chen Z, Schiffman M, Herrero R. Evolution and taxonomic classification of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16)-related variant genomes: HPV31, HPV33, HPV35, HPV52, HPV58 and HPV67. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e20183. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Adrian WP, Kirkland PD, Ross AD. An apparently new virus (family Paramyxoviridae) infectious for pigs, humans, and fruit bats. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4:269–271. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Foulongne V, Rodiere M, Segondy M. Human bocavirus in children. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:862–863. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Picornaviridae http://www.picornaviridae.com

41. Holtz L, Finkbeiner S, Kirkwood C, Wang D. Identification of a novel picornavirus related to cosaviruses in a child with acute diarrhea. Virol J. 2008;5:159. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Chiu CY, Greninger AL, Kanada K. Identification of cardioviruses related to Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus in human infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:14124–14129. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Greninger AL, Runckel C, Chiu CY. The complete genome of klassevirus: a novel picornavirus in pediatric stool. Virol J. 2009;6:82. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Feng H, Shuda M, Chang Y, Moore PS. Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human merkel cell carcinoma. Science. 2008;319:1096–1100. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Moens U, Ludvigsen M, Van Ghelue M. Human polyomaviruses in skin diseases. Patholog Res Int. 2011;2011:123491. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Smith GC. Genus Yatapoxvirus. In: Mercer AA, Schmidt A, Weber O, editors. Poxviruses. Birkhäuser Verlag; Basel, Switzerland: 2007. pp. 113–126. [Google Scholar]

47. Wolfe ND, Heneine W, Carr JK. Emergence of unique primate T-lymphotropic viruses among central African bushmeat hunters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:7994–7999. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Koppers-Lalic D, Hoeben RC. Non-human viruses developed as therapeutic agent for use in humans. Rev Med Virol. 2011;21:227–239. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

This website includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the “safe harbor” provisions of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of words such as “forecast,” “intend,” “seek,” “target,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “will,” “expect,” “estimate,” “plan,” “outlook,” and “project” and other similar expressions that predict or indicate future events or trends or that are not statements of historical matters. Such forward-looking statements include statements about our beliefs and expectations and the estimated financial information and other projections contained herein. Such forward-looking statements with respect to revenues, earnings, performance, strategies, prospects and other aspects of the businesses of Normax Biomed Ltd. are based on current expectations that are subject to risks and uncertainties. A number of factors could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Please refer to the final prospectus of Normax Biomed Limited under “Risk Factors” therein, and other documents filed or to be filed with the London Stock Exchange and the Swiss Stock Exchange (SIX) by Normax Biomed Ltd. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance upon any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. Normax Biomed Ltd. undertakes no commitment to update or revise the forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

The information on this website shall not constitute a solicitation of a proxy, consent or authorization with respect to any securities or in respect of the proposed transaction. The information on this website shall also not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities, nor shall there be any sale of securities in any states or jurisdictions in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such jurisdiction. No offering of securities shall be made except by means of a prospectus meeting the listing requirements of the London Stock Exchange and the Swiss Stock Exchange (SIX).

This website is directed only at, and provides information about products and services only available to, those who are Professional Clients or Eligible Counterparties as defined by the Financial Conduct Authority. The definitions can be found on the FCA website at www.fca.org.uk. This website is not intended to be accessed by any persons or entities domiciled in any jurisdiction where being treated as the types of clients stated would be contrary to local law.